News Classification Ontology (NCO)

IRI:
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification
Version IRI:
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification/1.4.3
Imported Ontologies :
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core (visualise it with LODE )
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#2016 (visualise it with LODE )
Other visualisation :
Ontology source - WebVowl

Abstract

The News Classification Ontology (NCO) v1.4.3. It defines the concepts needed to discuss news coverage. These concepts include Entities, Events, Situations, Categorical Topics, Claims and Viewpoints. Preferred prefix is `nco: <http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsClassification#>`.

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Named Individuals
  4. Annotation Properties
  5. General Axioms
  6. Namespace Declarations

Classes

Agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Agent

has super-classes
entityc
is in range of
has agentop
is disjoint with
Collectionc, Eventc, News itemc, Statementc, Unifying factorc

Agent componentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#AgentComponent

has super-classes
has agentop only Agentc
has agent roleop only Agent rolec
has agent roleop max 1 Agent rolec
is in domain of
has agent roleop
is in range of
has agent componentop

Agent rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#AgentRole

is in range of
has agent roleop

aspectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Aspect

The notion of entity aspect discussed here is related to the second level of agenda setting theory, which deals with the salience of the attributes of the entities that are the focus of attention in the media (McCombs et al., 2014)
is in domain of
is aspect ofop
is in range of
has aspectop

categorical topicc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#CategoricalTopic

A Categorical Topic is a broad topic for discussion and journalistic analysis that tends to be generally relevant and newsworthy. Such topics include social, economic and political issues, such as crime, poverty, taxation, finances, economic, foreign and defence policies, immigration, party politics, and many others. Broad taxonomies for journalism, such as the IPTC Media Topic NewsCodes, tend to focus on categorical topics
has super-classes
Topicc

Claimc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Claim

A claim is characterised in this ontology as a reified statement
has super-classes
Statementc
claim in news itemop some News itemc
concerns topicop some Topicc
has agentop some Agentc
claim in news itemop only News itemc
concerns topicop only Topicc
has agentop only Agentc
has justificationop only justificationc
is in domain of
claim in news itemop, concerns topicop, has justificationop
is in range of
has claimop, includes claimop

Collectionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Collection

Membership of a Collection is predicated on meeting the conditions associated with the associated unifying factor (Carriero et al., 2021).
has super-classes
has unifying factorop only Unifying factorc
has unifying factorop max 1 Unifying factorc
has sub-classes
Collection of eventsc, Descriptionc, Situationc, Viewpointc
is in domain of
has elementop, has unifying factorop
is in range of
is element ofop
is disjoint with
Agentc, Eventc, News itemc, Statementc, Unifying factorc

Collection of eventsc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#CollectionOfEvents

has super-classes
Collectionc
has elementop only Eventc

Descriptionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Description

Like a Situation, a Description is also characterised as a Collection of Statements
has super-classes
Collectionc
characterisesop only Situationc
has elementop only Statementc
characterisesop min 1 Situationc
has elementop min 1 Statementc
is in domain of
characterisesop

Eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Event

The notion of Event in NCO is based on the one used by the News Angle Ontology (Motta et al., 2020), which is in turn based on the Simple Event Model (van Hage et al., 2011). An event in this model is characterised in terms of time, location and the actors involved in the event. The relation between events and actors is mediated by actor components, which specify the role played by the actor in question in the event.
has super-classes
event or situationc
has agentop only Agent componentc
has locationop only Locationc
has sub-classes
Negative eventc, Predicted eventc
is in domain of
event depends onop, has agent componentop, has locationop, has subeventop, is subevent ofop
is in range of
has omitted eventop, has subeventop, is subevent ofop, precondition for eventop
is disjoint with
Agentc, Collectionc, News itemc, Statementc, Unifying factorc

event or situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#EventOrSituation

A pragmatic class to avoid having to refer to the union of Event and Situation in several expressions
is equivalent to
Eventc or Situationc
has sub-classes
Eventc, Situationc
is in domain of
depends onop, has timeop, precondition forop, precondition for eventop
is in range of
depends onop, event depends onop, has predictionop, precondition forop

justificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Justification

Class Justification refers to the justification for a claim. Because this ontology focuses on news classification rather than argumentation, the definition here is simply a placeholder and is not further elaborated
has super-classes
thingc
is in range of
has justificationop

Locationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Location

is in range of
has locationop

Negative eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#NegativeEvent

has super-classes
Eventc

News itemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#NewsItem

has super-classes
thingc
is in domain of
has claimop, has topicop, has viewpointop
is in range of
claim in news itemop, topic in news itemop, viewpoint in news itemop
is disjoint with
Agentc, Collectionc, Eventc, Statementc, Unifying factorc

Omission eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#OmissionEvent

An OmissionEvent is an event capturing an expression of agency realised by not carrying out an event that was expected of the agent in question – see Payton, J.D. (2018). How to identify negative actions with positive events. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 96(1), pp. 87-101. Following Payton, we impose the constraint that the time of the omitted event is the same as the one associated with the omission event. That is, OmissionEvent(?ev1) ^ :hasOmittedEvent(?ev1, ?ev2) ^ :hasTime(?ev1, ?t1) -> :hasTime(?ev2, ?t1) This is expressed by means of a property chain specialising property :hasTime
has super-classes
Negative eventc and (has omitted eventop only Eventc) and (has omitted eventop exactly 1 Eventc)
is in domain of
has omitted eventop

predicatec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Predicate

This is a metaclass whose instances play the role of a predicate in reified triples. It is needed because OWL does not allow object properties to be used directly as values in triples unless an individual with the same name has been defined
is in range of
predicateop
has members
has topicni

Predicted eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#PredictionEvent

We impose the constraint that the time of the predicted event has to be after that associated with the prediction event. That is: PredictionEvent(?ev1) & hasPrediction (?ev1 ?ev_or_sit) & :hasTime (?ev1 ?t1) & :hasTime (?ev_or_sit ?t2) --> time:intervalBefore (?t1 ?t2) This constraint is expressed through a property chain specialising time:intervalBefore
has super-classes
Eventc
has predictionop only event or situationc
has predictionop exactly 1 event or situationc
is in domain of
has predictionop

Situationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Situation

A Situation is a collection of statements
has super-classes
Collectionc
event or situationc
characterised byop only Descriptionc
has elementop only Statementc
has elementop min 1 Statementc
is in range of
characterisesop

Statementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Statement

A member of this class is an individual that reifies a triple.
has sub-classes
Claimc
is in domain of
objectop, predicateop, subjectop
is disjoint with
Agentc, Collectionc, Eventc, News itemc, Unifying factorc

Topicc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Topic

A Topic provides the main focus of a news item. A Topic can be an Entity, an Event (or a Collection of Events), a Viewpoint, a Situation or a Categorical Topic
has super-classes
concept
is topic role ofop some thingc
is topic role ofop exactly 1
has sub-classes
categorical topicc
is in domain of
has subtopicop, is topic role ofop, subtopic ofop, topic in news itemop
is in range of
concerns topicop, has subtopicop, has topicop, subtopic ofop, topic roleop

Unifying factorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#UnifyingFactor

is in range of
has unifying factorop, satisfiesop
is disjoint with
Agentc, Collectionc, Eventc, News itemc, Statementc

Viewpointc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#Viewpoint

As pointed out in (Baden and Springer, 2017), when analysing the news discourse, we are interested in identifying viewpoints that “open up different perspectives” and “construct different meaning”. Hence, here we define a Viewpoint as a collection of claims that subscribe to the same perspective
has super-classes
Collectionc
(has elementop only Claimc) and (has elementop min 1 Claimc)
is in domain of
includes claimop, viewpoint in news itemop
is in range of
has viewpointop

Object Properties

characterised byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#characterisedBy

is inverse of
characterisesop

characterisesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#characterises

This is the main relation linking descriptions to situations. A description provides an interpretation of a situation.
has domain
Descriptionc
has range
Situationc
is inverse of
characterised byop

claim in news itemop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#claimInNewsItem

has super-properties
in news itemop
has domain
Claimc
has range
News itemc
is inverse of
has claimop

concerns topicop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#concernsTopic

A claim is something that concerns a topic. The property concernsTopic is used to express this relation
has domain
Claimc
has range
Topicc

depends onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#dependsOn

has characteristics : transitive

has sub-properties
event depends onop
has domain
event or situationc
has range
event or situationc
is inverse of
precondition forop

event depends onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#eventDependsOn

range is {Event OR Situation}
has super-properties
depends onop
has sub-properties
is subevent ofop
has domain
Eventc
has range
event or situationc
is inverse of
precondition for eventop

has agentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasAgent

has domain
Agent componentc or Claimc
has range
Agentc

has agent componentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasAgentComponent

has domain
Eventc
has range
Agent componentc

has agent roleop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasAgentRole

has domain
Agent componentc
has range
Agent rolec

has aspectop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasAspect

Connects an entity to its aspects - e.g., the financial status of an individual
has domain
entityc
has range
aspectc
is inverse of
is aspect ofop

has claimop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasClaim

Captures the relation between a news item and a claim expressed by an agent, which is reported in the news item in question
has domain
News itemc
has range
Claimc
is inverse of
claim in news itemop

has elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasElement

has sub-properties
includes claimop
has domain
Collectionc
has range
thingc
is inverse of
is element ofop
has sub-property chains
has unifying factorop o satisfied byop

has justificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasJustification

has domain
Claimc
has range
justificationc
is inverse of
is justification ofop

has locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasLocation

has domain
Eventc
has range
Locationc

has omitted eventop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasOmittedEvent

captures the relation between an OmissionEvent and the event that has not been carried out - e.g., a soldier's failure to carry out an order
has domain
Omission eventc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
is omitted event ofop

has predictionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasPrediction

captures the relation between a PredictionEvent and the event that has been predicted - forecasting an eruption
has domain
Predicted eventc
has range
event or situationc

has subeventop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasSubEvent

has characteristics : transitive

has super-properties
precondition for eventop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
is subevent ofop

has subtopicop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasSubTopic

This property captures hierarchical relations between topics – e.g., as expressed in the IPTC NewsCodes taxonomy

has characteristics : transitive

has super-properties
narrower transitive
has domain
Topicc
has range
Topicc
is inverse of
subtopic ofop

has timeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasTime

has super-properties
has time
has domain
event or situationc
has range
temporal entity
is inverse of
is time ofop
has sub-property chains
is omitted event ofop o has timeop

has topicop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasTopic

has domain
News itemc
has range
Topicc
is inverse of
topic in news itemop
has sub-property chains
has topicop o subtopic ofop
has topicop o is topic role ofop o is aspect ofop o topic roleop
has topicop o is topic role ofop o is claim ofop o topic roleop
has topicop o is topic role ofop o objectop o topic roleop
has topicop o is topic role ofop o predicateop o topic roleop
has topicop o is topic role ofop o subjectop o topic roleop
is also defined as
named individual

has unifying factorop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasUnifyingFactor

Relates a collection to the associated unifying factor
has domain
Collectionc
has range
Unifying factorc
is inverse of
is unifying factor ofop

has viewpointop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasViewpoint

Relates a news item to a viewpoint, say ?v, expressed in the news item in question. Normally this relation is not asserted but inferred on the basis of a claim, say ?c, appearing in the news item, where ?c is an element of ?v
has domain
News itemc
has range
Viewpointc
is inverse of
viewpoint in news itemop
has sub-property chains
has claimop o is claim ofop

in news itemop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#inNewsItem

has sub-properties
claim in news itemop, topic in news itemop, viewpoint in news itemop

includes claimop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#includesClaim

A specialization of hasElement that is used to relate a claim to the viewpoint that includes it
has super-properties
has elementop
has domain
Viewpointc
has range
Claimc
is inverse of
is claim ofop

is aspect ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#isAspectOf

has domain
aspectc
has range
thingc
is inverse of
has aspectop

is claim ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#isClaimOf

has super-properties
is element ofop
is inverse of
includes claimop

is element ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#isElementOf

has sub-properties
is claim ofop
has domain
thingc
has range
Collectionc
is inverse of
has elementop

is subevent ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#subEventOf

Captures hierarchical relations between events - e.g., the event "verdict" in a trial is a subEventOf of a broader "trial" event
has super-properties
event depends onop
has domain
Eventc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
has subeventop

is topic role ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#topicRoleOf

A given topic role is played by one and only thing.

has characteristics : functional, inverse functional

has domain
Topicc
has range
thingc
is inverse of
topic roleop

is unifying factor ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#isUnifyingFactorOf

is inverse of
has unifying factorop

objectop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#object

has domain
Statementc
has range
thingc

precondition forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#preconditionFor

has characteristics : transitive

has sub-properties
precondition for eventop
has domain
event or situationc
has range
event or situationc
is inverse of
depends onop

precondition for eventop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#preconditionForEvent

has super-properties
precondition forop
has sub-properties
has subeventop
has domain
event or situationc
has range
Eventc
is inverse of
event depends onop

predicateop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#predicate

has domain
Statementc
has range
predicatec

satisfied byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#ufSatisfiedBy

is inverse of
satisfiesop

satisfiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#satisfiesUf

An element can be part of a collection if and only if it satisfies the relevant unifying factor. This relation captures the relation between the element in a collection and the relevant unifying factor. In general, we expect instances of class Collection to specify this relation in domain-dependent ways
has domain
is element ofop some Collectionc
has range
Unifying factorc
is inverse of
satisfied byop
has sub-property chains
is element ofop o has unifying factorop

subjectop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#subject

has domain
Statementc
has range
thingc

subtopic ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#subTopicOf

has characteristics : transitive

has super-properties
broader transitive
has domain
Topicc
has range
Topicc
is inverse of
has subtopicop

topic in news itemop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#topicInNewsItem

has super-properties
in news itemop
has domain
Topicc
has range
News itemc
is inverse of
has topicop

topic roleop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#topicRole

It is essential to distinguish an entity, e.g., the individual J.F. Kennedy, from the associated topic, e.g., T_J.F. Kennedy. These are two different ontological objects with very different properties. For instance, while the time span of J.F. Kennedy the person was 1917-1963, the time span of the associated topic continued after his death. More in general, this relation is needed every time an individual in our knowledge base, which is not ontologically a topic (e.g., a person, an event, a statement, etc.) plays the role of a topic in the model.

has characteristics : functional, inverse functional

has domain
thingc
has range
Topicc
is inverse of
is topic role ofop

viewpoint in news itemop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#viewpointInNewsItem

has super-properties
in news itemop
has domain
Viewpointc
has range
News itemc
is inverse of
has viewpointop

Named Individuals

has topicni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#hasTopic

belongs to
predicatec
is also defined as
object property

Annotation Properties

contributorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor

createdap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/created

creatorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator

descriptionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/description

is rule enabledap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://swrl.stanford.edu/ontologies/3.3/swrla.owl#isRuleEnabled

is version ofap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/isVersionOf

licenseap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/license

modifiedap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified

patternap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#pattern

rightsap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/rights

titleap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/title

General Axioms

All Disjoint Classes back to ToC

Agentc, Collectionc, Eventc, News itemc, Statementc, Unifying factorc

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#
0
http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/ISO-8601/0/
dul
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/d0.owl#
iptc
http://cv.iptc.org/newscodes/mediatopic/
nao
http://purl.org/news/angles/
nco
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification#
newsclassification
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/newsclassification/
ontology
http://data.open.ac.uk/ontology/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
skos
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
swrl
http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrl#
swrla
http://swrl.stanford.edu/ontologies/3.3/swrla.owl#
swrlb
http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrlb#
terms
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
time
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni .